Histori ea Nts'etsopele ea Khalase

1.1 Tšimoloho ea Khalase ea Lefatše
Ho ya ka direkoto tsa nalane tse amehang, tse kgutlelang morao ho tloha hoo e ka bang ka 3000 BC ho isa ho 2000 BC, batho ba Egepeta kapa Mesopotamia ba ne ba se ba ntse ba thehile theknoloji ya tlhahiso ya khalase e seng e hodile. Hape ho na le tshomo ya hore dilemong tse fetang 3000 tse fetileng, barekisi ba Foenisia ba ile ba sibolla dikristale tse hlahiswang ke karabelo ya dikhemikhale pakeng tsa diminerale tse bitswang "natural soda" (ba bang ba re saltpeter) le lehlabathe la quartz lebopong la lewatle tlasa kganya ya malakabe, e leng mofuta wa pele wa khalase. Ka tlhaho Bafoenisia ha ba a ka ba fetoa ke menyetla e ka bang teng ya kgwebo. Ba ile ba sebedisa karabelo ena ya dikhemikhale ho hlahisa lehlabathe le lengata le sa hlwekang, lehlohlojane, molora wa soda le difaha tsa khalase tse kopantsweng, tse neng di rekiswa hohle. Le hoja ba ntse ba fumana phaello e ngata, ba ile ba boela ba kgothaletsa botumo ba pele ba khalase lefatsheng, ba dumella dinaha tse ngata tse neng di ena le dikamano tsa kgwebo le Bafoenisia ho ba le kganya ya bona ya pele ya botle.
Likhalase tsa Fiennes le Ferret tsa Bafoenisia li nkoa e le bo-pula-maliboho ba lisebelisoa tsa khalase. Ntshetsopele ea khalase ea pele e ile ea feta linakong tse 'ne tse kholo: mehla ea tsoelo-pele ea boholo-holo (hoo e ka bang 3500 BC ho isa ho 1000 BC), mehla ea tsoelo-pele ea khale (hoo e ka bang 100 BC ho isa ho 500 AD), mehla ea tsoelo-pele ea mehleng ea khale (hoo e ka bang 500 AD ho isa ho 1500 AD), le Renaissance le mehla ea lekholo la bo17 ho isa ho la bo19 la lilemo (hoo e ka bang 1500 AD ho isa ho 1890 AD). Kamora moo, boemo ba hajoale ba sechaba bo ile ba thehoa butle-butle, ka khalase e khethehileng, khalase ea bonono, khalase e khabisitsoeng, le khalase ea meralo e busang.
2. Tšebeliso ea Khalase

2.1 Tšebeliso ea Khalase Historing
Khalase e ile ea sebelisoa pele linthong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang Likopi tsa Khalase, libotlolo le lipoleiti. Batho ba Mesopotamia ba ne ba etsa li-core tsa mobu, tseo ka mor'a moo li neng li phutheloa ka liribone tsa khalase tse qhibilihisitsoeng tse nang le viscous 'me li hloekisoa holim'a tsona ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa khalase. Lisebelisoa tsa khalase tse entsoeng ka tsela ena hangata li nka sebopeho sa botlolo 'me li sebelisoa e le lijana tsa metsi kapa lijo.
Khalase ea pele e ne e nkoa e na le 'mala o le mong feela, o motala, o neng o fokotsa tsela eo e sebelisoang ka eona. E bile hamorao moo batho ba ileng ba fumana hore lebaka leo khalase e hlahisang 'mala o motala ka lona ke hobane thepa e tala e sebelisoang ho etsa khalase e na le tšepe e nyane, 'me metsoako ea tšepe ea divalent e etsa hore khalase e bonahale e le tala. Kamora ho eketsa manganese dioxide, ho bile le phetoho ea 'mala. Phetoho ena e ikhethang le e ntle ea 'mala e fetiselitse tšebeliso ea khalase boemong bo latelang - lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa khalase tse mebala li hlahile. Haholo-holo ka mor'a hore Mataliana a tsebe theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahiso ea likhalase tsa khalase, khalase e mebala e ne e sebelisoa haholo khalaseng e khabisitsoeng ea likereke, haholo-holo meralong ea kereke ea setaele sa Gothic. Likereke tsa Gothic hangata li hlahisa sebopeho se bohale le se phahameng sa meralo se bonahalang se fofa holimo, e leng se etsang hore fensetere e telele ea Fora e be sethala sa khalase e mebala-bala. Khanya ea letsatsi e khanya ka lifensetere tse mebala-bala ho kena kerekeng e halalelang, e leng se etsang hore sepakapaka sa kereke se be se hlomphehang le se halalelang haholoanyane.
Kamora moo, khalase e ile ea sebelisoa haholo indastering ea kaho. Ka 1833, moaho oa pele lefatšeng o hahiloeng ka tšepe le khalase ka botlalo, ntlo ea limela ea Garden des Plantes, o ile oa senoloa. Ho fapana le boima ba meaho ea majoe, meaho ea khalase e ka tlisa maikutlo a hlakileng le a hloekileng, a 'nileng a rorisoa haholo ke batho ka nakoana. Mohlala o hlakileng haholoanyane ke sebaka sa London World's Fair (se tsejoang hape e le "Crystal Palace") se hahiloeng tlas'a boetapele ba Paxton ka 1851, se ka bitsoang tempele ea khalase.

2.2 Khalase ea Sejoale-joale Likopo
Mehleng ea kajeno, tšebeliso ea khalase e se e atile haholo. Khalase ea Khalase e ka aroloa feela ka khalase e bataletseng le khalase e khethehileng. Khalase e bataletseng e arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro: khalase e bataletseng e nang le li-groove kapa e se nang li-groove, khalase e bataletseng e nang le mokhoa oa ho hula o bataletseng, le khalase e phaphametseng. Mefuta ena ea khalase e na le ts'ebeliso ea eona indastering ea kaho le mekhabiso, indastering ea likoloi, indastering ea bonono, esita le sesoleng. Ho ea ka sebopeho sa eona, khalase e ka aroloa ka khalase ea quartz, khalase e phahameng ea silica, khalase ea silicate ea loto, khalase ea sodium calcium, khalase ea silicate ea aluminium, khalase ea borosilicate, khalase ea potassium, jj. Mefuta e fapaneng ea khalase e na le ts'ebeliso ea eona, joalo ka khalase ea soda lime, e ka sebelisoang tlhahisong ea khalase e bataletseng, lisebelisoa tsa khalase le mabone; Khalase ea silicate ea loto e sebelisoa e le khubu ea tube ea vacuum ka lebaka la ho nosetsa ha eona ka tšepe e ngata, 'me e boetse e sebelisoa ho thibela mahlaseli hobane loto e ka thibela lintho tse ntšang mahlaseli; Khalase ea borosilicate ke khetho e khethiloeng bakeng sa khalase ea lisebelisoa tsa liteko tsa lik'hemik'hale ka lebaka la matla a eona a phahameng le ho hanyetsa mafome.

3. Bokamoso ba khalase
3.1 Litebello tsa bokamoso tsa khalase ea bonono le khalase e khabisitsoeng
Tšimo e 'ngoe e kholo ea tšebeliso ea khalase ea sejoale-joale ke khalase ea bonono le khalase ea mekhabiso. Khalase e lokolohile litlamong tsa ho phehella ho sebetsa pele 'me e qalile ho ntlafatsa. Kamora hore li-studio tsa khalase li mele joaloka li-mushroom ka mor'a pula, lihlahisoa tse ngata tse ntle tsa khalase li ile tsa qala ho hlaha, ho kenyeletsoa le li-candle tsa khalase, mekhabiso ea khalase, liemahale tsa khalase, esita le liemahale tse kholo tsa khalase tse mebala-bala. Lintho tse amehang khalaseng ea bonono li tloha likoloing, mehahong le liemahaleng tsa mabala ho isa ho li-dial tse nyane tsa oache, liforeimi tsa seipone le lifono tsa mohala. Khalase e ka boela ea sebelisoa e le lejoe la rhinestone ho nkela litaemane tse turang sebaka. "Litaemane" tse bonoang lisebelisoa tse nyane kajeno ke li-rhinestone tse mebala-bala tse entsoeng ka khalase.
Litlhahiso tsa ka tsa botho bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea khalase ea bonono nakong e tlang ke tse latelang:
1. Khalase ea bonono le khalase e khabisitsoeng li lokela ho ananela pululelo le boqapi, li khomarele meralo e ikhethang ea boqapi, 'me li tlisetse batho mokete o bonahalang.
2. Ntlafatsa sebopeho sa thepa e tala ea khalase ea bonono, fokotsa litšenyehelo ho atolosa tlhahiso ea khalase ea bonono.
3. Ntlafatsa maemo a indasteri ho netefatsa moralo le tlhahiso e tloaelehileng haholoanyane ea khalase ea bonono, le ho qoba liketsahalo tse kang tšilafalo ea thepa e tala.
4. Ho kopanya theknoloji e phahameng ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea khalase ea bonono le khalase e khabisitsoeng ho isa theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea khalase boemong bo bocha 'me ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea indasteri hamolemo.
Mesebetsi e mengata le motsoako oa khalase ea bonono le khalase e khabisitsoeng ke litlhoko tsa ho ikamahanya le mokhoa oa linako. Mohlala, khalase e khabisitsoeng e lokisitsoeng ka ho kopanya lisele tsa letsatsi le mabota a likharetene tsa khalase tse mebala e ke ke ea sebelisa matla a letsatsi feela empa hape e ka sebetsa e le mabota a sa jareng mojaro le merero ea mekhabiso, e bolaea linonyana tse peli ka lejoe le le leng.

3.2 Khalase e Ikhethang
Khalase e khethehileng e sebelisoa haholo masimong a kang lisebelisoa, sesole, bongaka, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, k'hemistri le kaho, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le litšobotsi tsa eona. Joalo ka khalase e halefisitsoeng (e nang le coefficient e matla haholo, e seng bonolo ho e roba, leha e robehile, e ke ke ea etsa likaroloana tse bohale tse lematsang 'mele oa motho), khalase e betliloeng (e sa bonahaleng, e atisang ho sebelisoa libakeng tse hlokang phekolo e sa bonahaleng, joalo ka matloana), khalase e laminated (e atisang ho sebelisoa indastering ea kaho, e seng bonolo ho e roba ha e angoa), khalase e nang le insulation (phello e ntle ea ho thibela molumo), khalase e sa keneleng likulo (khalase e matla haholo, e ka thibela likulo ka lebelo le tlase le ho netefatsa polokeho), jj.

Khalase e khethehileng ea borosilicate e phahameng
Ho phaella moo, mefuta e mecha e fapaneng ya khalase e bopilweng ka ho kenyelletsa dikhemikhale tse fapaneng le yona e na le menyetla e mengata ya tshebediso. Ho kenyeletswa le khalase e phahameng ya silica, khalase e nang le lead silicate, khalase ya sodium calcium, khalase e nang le aluminium silicate, khalase ya borosilicate, khalase ya potassium, jj. tse boletsweng pejana, khalase e nang le tshepe le yona ke mofuta o motjha wa khalase o hohelang tlhokomelo hajwale. Khalase e nang le tshepe ke thepa e sa fetoheng e bopilweng haholo-holo ka thepa ya tshepe, e se nang diphoso tsa kristale tse kang di-plane, maemo le dintlha. E na le thepa e phahameng jwalo ka ho tenyetseha ho hoholo, matla a hodimo, ho hanyetsa mafome, ho hanyetsa tshusumetso, le ho hanyetsa serame le mocheso, mme e na le menyetla e mengata ya tshebediso lefapheng la ntshetsopele ya oli le kgase.